Gregorian Chant as the Specific Liturgy Chant and the Expression of the Unity of the Church
Summary
The feature that distinguishes Gregorian chant among various chants serving in the liturgy is its eminent prayer orientation and close unity with the liturgy. Gregorian compositions are integrally combined with a theological, spiritual and text layer of the liturgy, by their very nature belong to the theological and liturgical areas. This symbiosis is manifested by multiple elements, among which there are the determinants that allow to classify Gregorian chant as the specific liturgy chant and the expression of the unity of the Church. They lead to the recognition of semiology as a science at the service of theology, whose aim is to read the symbolic code in cheironomic record, showing the richness of meaning and directing the path of fervent prayer.

Development of Canonical Institutions of the Banns of Marriage in Poland from the Twentieth Century
Summary
Shortly before regaining independence by Poland in 1918, Pio-Benedictine Code came into force in the Church. The Code precisely specified norms concerning banns of marriage. In 1946 Polish Bishops Conference issued the Instrukcja o kanonicznym badaniu narzeczonych przed ślubem. The Instruction at some points modified the particular law. In 1983 the new Code of Canon Law came into force. The Code left it to episcopal conferences to determine the norms concerning banns of marriage. In Poland these norms were promulgated in 1989 in Instrukcja Episkopatu Polski o przygotowaniu do zawarcia małżeństwa w Kościele Katolickim. It is now a quarter of a century since then and the norms contained therein are largely outdated. Hence, there is a need to formulate a new law on banns of marriage which would suit the present day.

Experimentation on Animals as a Moral Problem
Summary
This article considers the issue of experimentation on animals. Those experiments constitute the basis of biomedical research, which are very important for human lives and health. The fundamental ethical framework for conducting scientific research using animals humanely is the rule of 3Rs, which mean: reduction, replacement and refinement. Reduction refers to methods, which minimise animal use and enable researchers to obtain comparable levels of information from fewer animals. Replacement refers to methods that avoid or replace the use of animals. Refinement refers to improvements of scientific procedures and husbandry which minimise actual or potential pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm. This article makes an attempt to present that Christian bioethics and the European Union’s legislation adopt the same stance on animal experimentation.

John D. Caputo, a postmodernist philosopher and the author of the movement known as a “weak theology” or “theology of the event”, tied his theory with an idea of the “weakness of God”. In his view God is only an inner power, an impulse which in different religious systems receives merely “contingent worldly expressions”. Moreover, the idea of the weakness of God entails a demand for exercising theology in the same way. Hence Caputo is placing himself in contradiction to “strong theologians”. In Christianity – more precisely in Jesus – Caputo finds a special proof for this concept. In its light he reads New Testament passages, especially the Letters of Paul. The “weakness of God” idea – although it is present in the Bible – in Cauto’s account causes problems, because he neglects these passages which underline power (dynamis) and authority (eksousia) of God. In the wider perspective it entails “diluting the particularity of Christian doctrine”.

The Timeliness of the Rudiments of Moral Education in Gravissimum educationis
Summary
The issue of the rudiments of moral education is one of the most challenging problems nowadays. There is a great number of works on the matter. However, the issue itself was considered in a fairly fragmentary way. This article focuses on discovering the timeliness of the message of the Second Vatican Council document which also refers to bringing up to mature humanity, mature Christianity and the recognition of one’s vocation. This analysis does not consider the whole issue of moral education, yet it suggests the possibility of further research. Surely this article presents the complexity and value of the discussed issue of moral education.

Occultism and Post-modern Society in the Context of Theology of Religions
Summary
These days we can easily say that occultism is so profaned that an individual meets its signs in every place. The phenomenon of occultism in a post-modern society represents multidimensional increasing trend. Occultism finds its response in postmodernism because it reflexes in large spectrum of individuals feelings and sensitivity. Contemporary religiosity is relativized and it is marked by the subjectivism. This creates experiential spirituality and individuals want to try themselves what is offered to them. Thus creating not only a type of slavery and addiction to amulets, tarot cards, horoscopes, magicians, astrologers, but individuals are also getting used to the way of the life in inactivity. Occult practices have destructive effect on individual, so theology of religion offers resources and explanations how to avoid it.
Okultizmus postmodernej spoločnosti v kontexte teológie náboženstva
V súčasnosti možno povedať, že okultizmus je natoľko sprofanovaný, že sa s jeho prejavmi stretáva jednotlivec takmer na každom kroku. Fenomén okultizmu predstavuje v postmodernej spoločnosti multidimenzionálny jav, ktorý má vzrastajúcu tendenciu. Okultizmus nachádza odozvu v postmoderne preto, lebo mu vychádza v ústrety veľké prehodnotenie pocitov a citlivosti jedinca. Súčasná religiozita sa relativizuje a je poznačená subjektivizmom. Vzniká zážitková spiritualita a jednotlivci tak na vlastnej koži skúšajú to, čo sa im ponúka. Vytvára sa nielen určitý typ otroctva a závislosti od amuletov, tarotových kariet, horoskopov, mágov, astrológov, ale jedinec si tiež navyká na spôsob života typu „nečinnosti". Okultné praktiky pôsobia na jednotlivca deštruktívne, preto teológia náboženstva ponúka prostriedky i vysvetlenia, ako sa mu vyhýbať.

Between a Regime and Anarchy. The Problem of Specialization and Interdisciplinarity of Science and Education
Summary
The starting point for the article is recollection of the ironic words by Luis Waters, indicating that the modern scholar is aware of necessity of “thinking within a frame of a narrow scheme” and diversified disciplines. The author also recalls statements of modern university critics, which seem steeped in nostalgia for universitas as a community and quondam “broad reading” and also briefly sketches development process of the entrenched disciplines and specialization tendencies. Recognizing, after cognitivists a great importance of metaphors, she looks into metaphors used in specialization and interdisciplinarity phenomena description, mostly drawn from terminology that refers to political systems, militarization and social pathologies. The author, while investigating intensity of academic “riots at the border”, wonders, whether contrary to Waters stand, interdisciplinarity has not been a legal and promoted scheme.

Incarnation Terminology in the Letters of St. Ignatius of Antioch
Summary
The Christological questions have been thoroughly studied from the point of view of theologians and historians, and there are numerous systematic studies done from their perspectives that portray the development of the doctrine. The studies focused on terminological questions are rarely taken up by scholars. I believe that a philological study on the Incarnation can be of much help and fill an important gap in the scholarship. In my work I am studying primarily St. Ignatius of Antioch, looking for the sources of terminology used by him. I have distinguished these groups of vocabulary ek spermatos Dauid, ek genous Dauid, kata sarka ek genous Dauid, ek Marias, egennēthē, ekyoforēthē hypo Marias and en sarki genomenos theos.

Hans Lenk – Interpretation as a Threat and Rescue
Summary
„»In the beginning was the Word«, says the Gospel according to John. »In the beginning was the deed« – we read in Faust. »In the beginning was interpretation« which means – the connection of word and deed”. This excerpt can be found in the introduction to Philosophy of Pragmatic Interpretationizm by Hans Lenk. Lenk, in his polemic with Günter Abel, warns against inadvertent and free use of the instrument which is the interpretation. Without prior methodological preparation and awareness of the apparatus for constructing the judgements, interpretation may open the way to abuse in every epistemic field. The main aim of this article is the right emphases arising from the interpretation and understanding of the consequences of its dependence, according to the philosophy of Hans Lenk, who warns against erroneous understanding of specific levels to create interpretations, and points to the immutable source of their creation. If the knowledge - according to the interpretation of Kant - is contained in the judgements, then each of them should be understood as separate and independent interpretation?

Purgatory and Heaven. Temporal Questions About Man's Extratemporal Reality in Romano Guardini's Theological Thought
Summary
A question about man's posthumous fate is not a new one. However, the contemporary theology poses this question in a new context – it asks about existential concrete. So far the prevailing ideas of heaven and purgatory have proved to be insufficient. The answer can be found in the works of the great 20th-century theologian – Romano Guardini. By presenting the reality of heaven and purgatory in existential perspective, he shed the light on a number of problems at the issue. There has been given an answer to such questions: can a „purgatory soul” be understood as a human being, taking into account that a man is defined as corporeal and spiritual being; secondly, whether a man, who attained eternal happiness in heaven still needs resurrection and what is heaven at all, what is purgatory and do we have relevant sources to say anything certain about it?