ŚLĄSKIE STUDIA HISTORYCZNO-TEOLOGICZNE

THE IDEA OF GOD'S MISSION BEING THE ECCLESIASTICAL FACT ACCORDING TO MISSIONARY ENCYCLICALS BEFORE THE COUNCIL
The top priority of the practice before the theory of mission was an immutable principle for the Church of Jesus Christ in the two thousand years of her history. This rule was observed also by the Church in the modern process of development of the missionary activity during the last two centuries. No doubt, this development is an outcome of paying more and more attention to this, that the missionary work is as well an ecclesiastical fact as it is a charismatic one. Such an idea has theologically slowly grown up in the papal teaching about some real problems regarding the missionary practice of the Church. The Teaching Church developed the theologically fundamental thoughts of this ecclesiastical vision of the mission when it pointed do the ways of solving these problems. Such a process can be perfectly observed in the whole of the missionary teaching of the pre-conciliar popes. The idea of God's mission which is the ecclesiastical fact, is not a statical component of the doctrine enclosed in the missionary encyclicals of the preconciliar popes. Before the Second Vatican Council, this idea was perpetually developed in this teaching by the ways of going deeply into particular questions connected with it. The popes also explicated a lot of essential thoughts of the theology of mission in the course of this evolution. These particular ideas of the pre-conciliar missiology converge in the three main points of the papal teaching from that period, namely in the teaching about the religious nature of the missionary activity, about its ecclesiastical dimension and about the Divine character of the mission of the Church. Together with other questions mentioned by the pre-conciliar popes, those ideas form a fundamental schedule of the Catholic theology of mission up to these days. During a further evolution of this branch of theology, the Teaching Church has first of all integrated those thoughts into a principal idea of the Church's dynamism. In the pre-conciliar period, a development of the theological thought about a strict connection between the missionary task of the Church and the Christian faith, was a source of the papal teaching about the religious nature of the missionary activity. This development was grounded on a specification of the papal teaching about the permanence; of the mission, its apostolical dimension and its connections with the Salvation of Christ. A subtle maturation of some papal thoughts about the ecclesiastical dimension of the mission of the Church was a direct result of this theological evolution. It is obvious, that the less speculative question of the ecclesiastical dimension of the missionary activity was developed in a more analytical way by the very practical statements of the pre-conciliar popes about the missionary problems. A generative dynamism of the faith is a source of the ecclesiastical dimension of the missionary activity. When the pre-conciliar popes developed the thoughts about the faith, the mission and the Church, they also brought up the teaching about the missionary activity tending towards an incorporation of the Church in the native culture of the evangelized people. An incorporating accommodation remains the essence of this process of the transplantation of Christ's Church. The Teaching Church slowly accomplished in that theological context a great change of the whole perspective which forms its view of the People of God of the New Covenant. This change consists in a replacement of the vision of Christ's universal Church by the vision of some particular Churches. The new ecclesiological perspective generates in the theology of mission an emphasis on the connections of the source of the missionary activity, its exact process and its aim with an eschatological tension, which exists between Christ's universal Church and the individual local Churches. Such a thought remains one of the most significant ideas in the theology of mission elaborated by the pre-conciliar Church. An idea of the Divine character of the Church's mission was developed in the indirect way by the pre-conciliar popes. The theological thought about the one mission given to the whole Church of Christ was elaborated in the context of the papal teaching about the responsibility of all the Church's members for the missionary work. When the popes Benedict XV and Pius XI carried on the idea of the only one mission in their teaching about the obligations of the missionaries, they both presented a synthesis of some earlier thoughts about the Divine character of the mission of the Church. These two popes taught, that the Almighty God is in the beginning of the Church's mission. He also works by his grace in the exact process of the evangelization of the people and He gives it the whole of its efficacy. The other pre-conciliar popes also knew these thoughts, because since the very beginning of their missionary teaching, they all united some particular parts of the evangelizing process with the works of the individual Persons of the Holy Trinity. This Trinitarian view of the mission of the Church is also hidden in the papal pre-conciliar teaching about love, which is the ultimate source of the vivacity of the missionary work. There is no serious doubt that the missionary teaching of the pre-conciliar popes is more practical than theoretical. But this practical nature only gives a pastoral character to this teaching. It does not deprive it of its very deep theological thoughts. So those popes spoke out the real theological consciousness of the missionary Church without any unnecessary discussion about the different opinions of the various theological schools. It was observed before and it has been also confirmed by this study. The missionary teaching of the pre-conciliar popes became an official teaching of the Church of Christ in that way.

STRUCTURE OF ECCLESIASTICAL COMUNITY IN CONTEMPORARY TEACHING OF THE CHURCH. Summary
Community of a person with God in Christ is the basis of creation in the Church and through the Church a new interpersonal community. This is related closely to the fact of a reinvention and reminding by Vaticanum II and a post-council Magisterium Ecclesiae that the Church making a pilgrimage on the earth develops as a brotherly community of all the faithful and at the same time as a community of local Churches. Such a vision of the Church is most of all a consequence of viewing the Church as a complex reality. This una realitas complexa is in the documents of the Second Vatican Council described as unity or a catholic fullness and even “holy mystery of unity”. This unity does not have its counterpart in lay communities. Its outstanding character comes from the fact that it refers to a divine-humane reality and its result is unity in multiplicity. On this awareness of a teandric character of an ecclesiastical reality Vaticanum II builds up its lecture on the internal structure of the Church as a diverse unity. This is a unity in a diversity of the faithful and a unity in a multiplicity of local Churches which centre is Christ - the Head represented by the community of pastors with the bishop of Rome. Not only this multiplicity and diversion does not disturb unity, but give it a character of communion. Hence the major thesis of of the post-council ecclesiology is based on the statement that the Church is a gathering that is shaped in a diversity of the faithful (communio fidelium), unity in the multiplicity of local Churches (communio ecclesiarum) and a gathering gathered round Christ represented in the power of the Spirit by a community of the pastors (communio hierarchica).These three realities in the post-council ecclesiology are perceived as the basic dimensions of the internal structure of the Church: charismatic, universal-and-local as well as hierarchical.

The Teaching and the Querying Church. Sidenotes on F. A. Sullivan's ecclesiology
The 20th century may be called the age of debate over magisterium. One of the main figures and experts in this debate is an American theologian F. A. Sullivan. His works including Magisterium: Teaching Authority in the Catholic Church, New York 1983; The Church We Believe In: One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic, New York 1988, and Creative Fidelity. Weighing and Interpreting Documents of the Magisterium, Dublin 1996 are considered classics in contemporary ecclesiology. This article presents Sullivan's views on the issues of infallibility, ordinary magisterium, and the question of subsistit. The American theologian bases his approach on the historical-critical method and on fidelity of the teaching of Vaticanum II. Like most of the contemporary theologians, Sullivan does not believe in a systematic theology. His ecclesiology is deeply ecumenical and seeks to build bridges between the Church as known in the profession of faith, and the Church of our everyday experience.

UPON THE EVOLUTION
The theory of evolution was first introduced in particular circumstances, i.e. when theology was biology-oriented and biology was philosophy-oriented. Leading biologists, especially Ernst Haeckel, regarded it as ultimate confirmation of materialistic monism. Therefore theologiests were strongly opposing it for being an atheistic doctrine. They recognized scriptural description of the creation of Adam as a document of mankind's origins, supporting at the same time the biological theory of permanence and invariability of species. This led them to erroneus thesis of anthynomy of evolution and creation. Biology - Theology conflict became less serious due to farreaching methodological reflection of these two branches of science on the subject and limits of their cognition. In cours of time biology did not attemt to find full explanation of the origins of all essential human features any more, whilst theology did not try to develop more precise description the "haw" of human origins. Anti-evolutionism in theology was terminated by Humani Generis encyclic by Pius XII in 1950. This encyclic accepts the evolutional interpretation of human origins but it does not accept polygenic one. The Pope justifies the interdiction to propagate polygenism by theological thruth of the original sin which is a hereditary inclination of all people's (veros homines) to be evil. The are no such concepts as "evil" or "thruth" in natural sciences whereas they are constantly used in theology for description of origins of the First Man. Therefore two separate and quite independent approaches to anthropogenesis can be distinquished: the biological approach and the theological one. Current attitude of Magisterium Ecclesiae towards the theory of evolution was manifested by John Paul's II message to Pontifical Academy of Science on 28th October 1996. The message makes it quite explicit that "the present state of knowledge enables to recognize the theory of evolution as something more than just only hypothesis".

Sense-creative argument for the credibility of the Church in the light of John Paul II ’s teaching. Summary
Making solid arguments for the credibility of the Church is necessary especially today because the meaning of the Church is often misunderstood and she is criticised and turned down by some people. In scientific searching the issue of the credibility of the Church some could see the progress in Poland thanks to outstanding theologians, among them R ev. Prof. Jerzy Cuda, who is the pioneer in showing the sense-creative credibility of the Christian Revelation which was clear to John Paul II . Sense-creative argument is actual especially today, when the western culture or doubts in objective and transcendental sense of human life, or shows only ‘partial’ senses which do not answer a question about the final sense and do not satisfy the most important need of human person – the need of full sense. The content of this article has been devided into four parts: foundation of the sense-creative argument, sense of human life, it’s vocative sense and the sense of human life in confront with the so called theodiceal problem.

ESCHATOLOGIA JAKO TEOLOGIA NADZIEI. REFLEKSJA TEOLOGICZNA INSPIROWANA ENCYKLIKĄ BENEDYKTA XVI SPE SALVI. Streszczenie
Od drugiej połowy minionego wieku eschatologia przeżywa swój rozwój. Przez długie jednak wieki sprawy ostateczne umieszczano na dwóch różnych krańcach: albo nie interesowano się tą kwestią, przerzucając wszystko poza doczesność, albo też nadmiernie chciano rozeznać i dokładnie opisać to wszystko, co będzie miało miejsce po śmierci. Pewną konsekwencją izolacji eschatologii w stosunku do innych traktatów dogmatycznych było jej "urzeczowienie", a także przedstawianie poszczególnych zagadnień w tonacji "reportażu z przyszłości". Dziś trzeba na nowo zrozumieć, jakie miejsce zajmuje eschatologia w całym życiu chrześcijańskim. Eschatologia nie może być jedynie opisem wydarzeń, które mają nastąpić w przyszłości, ale problematyka eschatologiczna powinna stać się sprawą najbardziej aktualną w życiu każdego człowieka. W nurcie nowego spojrzenia na sprawy ostateczne należy umieścić encyklikę Benedykta XVI o nadziei chrześcijańskiej, Spe Salvi. Niewiele bowiem możemy powiedzieć o wydarzeniach ostatecznych, nie umieszczając ich w kontekście Bożej obietnicy i chrześcijańskiej nadziei. W nauczaniu Benedykta XVI eschatologia chrześcijańska jest eschatologią nadziei, to znaczy jest nauką o Bogu, który powołuje człowieka do wspólnoty z sobą. Chrześcijanin spogląda więc w przyszłość z nadzieją. Stąd również i wszelkie wypowiedzi o przyszłości umieszcza on w kontekście nadziei. Według papieża, szczególnymi "miejscami" urzeczywistniania się nadziei chrześcijańskiej w kontekście wydarzeń ostatecznych są: śmierć, sąd Boży i życie wieczne. Język eschatologii to przede wszystkim język nadziei. W obliczu rzeczywistości ostatecznej człowiek zdobywa się na odwagę nadziei. U źródeł zaś chrześcijańskiej nadziei leży wiara w Boga, który jest Miłością.

DIE GRUNDSÄTZE DER SOZIALEN ORDNUNG UNTER BERÜCKSICHTIGUNG DER KIRCHLICHEN LEHRE
Zusammenfassung
Die soziale und wirtschaftliche Ordnung stützt sich auf allgemein anerkannte Werte und Grundsätze des gesellschaftlichen Zusammenlebens. Die Kirche nennt mehrere gesellschaftliche Richtlinien, und die katholischen Sozialwissenschaftler befassen sich mit deren Begründung und den Möglichkeiten ihrer Applikation in der Praxis des sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Lebens. Bislang wurde jedoch noch keine Methode erarbeitet, die es ermöglichte zumindest die allgemeinen gesellschaftlichen Prinzipien zu ordnen. Dadurch ist ihre spätere Anwendung erschwert. Der Verfasser versucht in seinem Aufsatz zu überzeugen, dass zu den wichtigsten Prinzipien, die das sozialwirtschaftliche Leben regeln, folgende gehören: der Grundsatz des Primats des Menschen und des Beistands sowie der Grundsatz des Allgemeinwohls und der Solidarität. Ihre Verwirklichung trägt zur Entstehung einer personalistischen, humanistischen und gerechten sozialwirtschaftlichen Gesellschaftsordnung bei.

Criticism of the theological works of Elizabeth A. Johnson by United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Case study
The church is founded upon the confession of faith in the true God. For this reason orthodoxy which mean correct belief or correct praise, is for the church a very fundamental issue. And if the orthodoxy is so important, the possibility and risk of heresy occur. So it was during the history of the church, and is no different today.
Through the centuries the church has changed practice regarding those who propagate unorthodox thinking. In this paper, we will be show the instance of contemporary intervention of Magisterium and we will discuss views, which were considered as to be false.
The case of Elizabeth A. Johnson, which we are going to analyse, is a fine example of how the contemporary disputes takes place between theologian and magisterium because of broad documentation of these event. For the same reason (voluminous sources) text is to be limited to referencing the views of American theologian and their assessment by United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. However, we will try analyse some views of the author, which were particularly criticized by bishops.

Symbolik des Herzens in der Theologie von Papst Johannes Paul II. Zusammenfassung
In diesem Artikel wurde die Problematik der Herzenssymbolik in der Theologie von Papst Johannes Paul II . präsentiert. Durch diese Zielsetzung, im Hinsicht auf dem breiten Bereich des Aufkommens dieses Symbolik, wurde die Analyse auf die Enzykliken und die Adhortationen beschränkt. Trotz der Beschränkung konnte man in die sehr zahlreiche Sachliteratur in einzelne gehen, aber nur durch eine methodologische Ordnung. Es wurden deswegen vier Grundinterpretationskriterien eingeführt: anthropologisches, erlösungs – christozentrisches, ekklesiologisches, wie auch Symbolik des Herzens Jesu, welche im Hinsicht auf die Klarheit der uns interessierten Präsentation sehr wichtig scheinen. Durch die ausgeführte Forschung sind wir fest überzeugt, dass die Herzenssymbolik in der theologischen Reflexion von Papst Johannes Paul II ungewöhnlich wichtig und aktual ist. In diesem Kontext kann man auch sagen, dass die als „via cordis“ zum Ausdruck gebrachte Herzenssymbolik in der Fassung von Johannes Paul II . eine der wichtigen Weisen der Begründung der Glaubwürdigkeit der Kirche in der gegenwärtigen theologischen Literatur bildet.

RECHTLICHE IMPLIKATIONEN DES MAGISTERIUMS FOM PAPST JOHANNES PAUL II. ÜBER DIE EHELICHE LIEBE
Zusammenfassung
Seit dem Abschluß des II. Vatikanischen Konzils ist in der Kanonistik und Jurisprudenz die Diskussion zum Thema lebhaft, ob der amor coniugalis in der Struktur der kanonischen Ehe einen juristischen Wert besitzt. Der Autor der vorliegenden Dissertation hat sich die Mühe gegeben nachzuweisen, daß die Lehre des Papstes Johannes Paul II. über die eheliche Liebe zu einer positiven Antwort auf diese Frage berechtigt. Der Autor ist zu folgenden Schlußfolgerungen gekommen: (1) Die Struktur der kanonischen Ehe sowohl im Bereich matrimonium in fieri als auch matrimonium in facto esse ist durch die eheliche Liebe radikal geprägt. Diese Liebe stellt Substanz oder - in anderen Worten - den innerlichen Inhalt "der das ganze Leben umfassenden Gemeinschaft" dar (kan. 1055 §1, CIC 1983). Deswegen identifizieren sich materiell die Struktur matrimonium canonicum und die essentielle Struktur des amor coniugalis. (2) Dieses Gleichheitszeichen darf nicht auf die formelle Ebene übertragen werden, d.h. man darf nicht der ehelichen Liebe eine unmittelbare rechtliche Relevanz zuerkennen. Wenn auch der amor coniugalis den Ehewille so spezifiziert, daß sie vollkommen den Namen des Bundes der ehelichen Liebe verdient {actus essentialiter amorosus), betrifft die rechtliche Aktivität des Willens im Konsens doch ausschließlich die gegenseitige Übertragung durch die Seiten der Rechte und Pflichten {actus voluntatis indolis contractualis vel pactitiae). Man kann also formell nicht der amor coniugalis mit dem Ehewille identifizieren. (3) Dasselbe ist im Bezug auf matrimonium in facto esse zu sagen. Es ist wahr, daß kraft des Bundes der ehelichen Liebe der amor coniugalis par excellence zu der Pflicht der Gerechtigkeit wird. Vielmehr die objektive ordinano naturalis, welche in die intersubjektive Struktur der ehelichen Liebe eingeschrieben ist (bilateralis intersubiectiva realtio), entscheidet darüber, daß die Pflicht der ehelichen Liebe über den Rahmen der ausschließlich moralischen Pflicht hinausgeht (unilateralis subiectiva relatio cum norma) und auch eine rechtliche Pflicht ist. Der amor coniugalis ist dagegen ein Fundament und Grundsatz aller wesentlichen ehelichen Rechte und Pflichten. Doch formell über das Recht auf die eheliche Liebe zu sprechen, setzt voraus - als conditio sine qua non - eine frühere Ausarbeitung durch die Doktrin eines juristischen Begriffs von "amor coniugalis ". (4) Es besteht ein deutlicher Unterschied zwischen der theologischen und juristischen Erfassung der Ehe und des amor coniugalis. Wenn das Magisterium der Kirche ein ideales Bild dieser Erscheinungen zeichnet, dann konzentriert ius canonicum seine Aufmerksamkeit - in Sorge um Sicherung des natürlichen Rechtes einer menschlichen Person zur Eheschließung - auf das nötige Minimum, das zu ihrer Gültigkeit erforderlich ist. Es ist also verständlich, daß juristische Begriffe: "matrimonium" und "amor coniugalis ", auch wenn stark eingebunden im doktrinalen Zusammenhang, den semantischen Bereich der theologischen Formeln nur bis auf ihren essentiellen Kern reduzieren. (5) Die formell-rechtliche Bezeichnung des amor coniugalis müßte alle wesentlichen Elemente, Eigenschaften und Zwecke enthalten, die die Struktur der kanonischen Ehe bilden. Erst dann wäre jede ius-officium matrimonii canonici tatsächlich - obwohl nicht nominal - Recht-Pflicht zur ehelichen Liebe. Sowohl praktische Gründe als auch die begriffliche Verwirrung lassen jedoch den letzten Ausdruck vermeiden. Das sollte doch nicht ein ius-officium bedeuten, sondern alle wesentlichen ehelichen Rechte und Pflichten. Deswegen scheint Stellung, welche der ehelichen Liebe nur einen indirekten (nicht autonomen) rechtlichen Wert zuerkennt, logischer zu sein.