ŚLĄSKIE STUDIA HISTORYCZNO-TEOLOGICZNE

THE YOUTH AND THEIR RELIGIOUS AND MORAL ATTITUDES
Summary
Gradual desacralization is one of distinctive features of our world. Nevertheless, men who decide to lead the lay life cannot free themselves totally from religion. Recent sociological studies prove without doubt that young Poles are strongly influenced by the religious doctrine resulting from the deeply-rooted Catholic tradition which plays an important role in forming one's outlook on life.
In 1997 a questionnaire was given to pre-graduates, the total number being 378 students, in two high schools in Lublin. This particular age group seems to be of special importance since their opinions are fairy established already. The analysis of religious and moral attitudes shows that acts against truth and one's own self are the most disapproved ones. Some acts against conjugal morality and faith are approved. Liberalization connected with sexual attitudes is demonstrated mainly when pre-marital sexual relations are concerned; these are definitely approved by the majority of young people. On the other hand a greater part of the respondents accepts a necessity of being married at least at a church wedding as a basic condition of being a wife and a husband. Almost three third of the students are against abortion but only a half of them are for banning it altogether. The students coming from the intelligentsia families are characterized by greater acceptance of liberal attitudes. Few of them condemn acts against conjugal morality and religious faith, pre-marital sexual relations or a total ban on abortion and they rarely perceive a necessity of having a church or civil marriage certificate. Students who come from big cities often choose unorthodox answers. They approve of self abuse, acts against faith, pre-marital sexual freedom, civil weddings and accept abortion unconditionally. Answers given by female students stress a necessity of having a church and civil marriage certificate to be lawfully married. They also more often express the opinion that terminating a pregnancy should be banned altogether. On the basis of the conducted analyses it can be concluded that coming from the intelligentsia may result in moral attitudes incompatible with the teachings of the Church. Similar conclusion can be drawn concerning people born in big cities. These relations, however, are statistically irrelevant. The same can be said about the sex of respondents. Girls are prone to behave in a more orthodox manner than boys. The results of the research show the influence of sociocultural pluralism on the dominance of selective attitudes. What is crucial, however, is the fact that there exists a group of people who present the accommodative attitude, i.e. accepting the relevant aspects of the teaching of the Church, whereas those who refuse to comply with the teachings of the Church altogether are a marginal group. This may testify to continuity of the attitudes showing acceptance of moral attitudes as proposed by the Church which, despite competition of other outlooks and lifestyles, will not lose their identity in the attitudes of generations to come. The presented results are obviously limited to a specific community and a precisely determined group of people. Therefore it seems advisable that further research be conducted taking into consideration other communities and social groups.

Value hierarchy and marital satisfaction in late adulthood
The issue of marital satisfaction arouses today great interest of psychologists. The research that has been carried out in this area has related primarily to spouses in early and middle adulthood. But there are still few studies on the determinants of success in the late phase of marital adulthood. Meanwhile, it is the old age that can be the “golden age” of married life. The purpose of this article is therefore to answer the question if there is any relation between the value hierarchy and the marital satisfaction in late adulthood. To achieve this goal, a study was conducted on 120 people (60 couples) aged 60 to 75. The quality of marriage relationship was examined by means of M. Plopa Marriage Questionnaire. Thanks to Scheler’s Scale of Values in adaptation of P. Brzozowski we have been able to characterize the hierarchy of values of the questioned couples. As expected, the system of values remains in a statistically significant relation to marital satisfaction.

DIE RELIGIÖSE WELTANSCHAUUNG ALS GEGENSTAND SOZIOLOGISCHER UNTERSUCHUNGEN
Die klar und entscheidend bestimmte Weltanschauung spielt eine folgenschwere Rolle,im Menschenleben, sie ist nämlich die Determinante der Wertschätzung und der Aktivität des Menschen und ein Element der Kontrolle und der Integration des Individuums. In der polnischen soziologischen Literatur gibt es zwei Typen der Weltanschaung-Definition: der erste baut auf der materialistischen Theorie der Weltgenesis, der zweite auf der kreationistischen Theorie. Der erste Definitionstyp, sehr oft "wissenschaftlicher" genannt, ist methodologisch unrichtig, weil er künstlich den Bereich der Weltanschauung einengt oder ihn mit dem Bereich der Wissenschaften auf einer bestimmten historischen Stufe ihrer Entwicklung identifiziert. Der zweite nimmt die Möglichkeit an, dass es zwei Wege der Erkenntnis gibt: die empirisch nachprüfbare, wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis und die Formulierung empirisch nicht nachprüfbaren Weltanschauungsthesen, die jedoch nicht ganz beliebig sind. Diese Thesen nehmen zwar Rücksicht auf die wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis, aber entscheidend für sie sind emotioneile, erzieherische und soziale Gründe. Auf Grund des bestehenden Pluralismus der Begriffbestimmungen können wir eine allgemeine Definition aufbauen, welche die Weltanschauung als eine Sammlung von Überzeugungen, die aus den die Wirklichkeit beschreibenden und beschätzenden Ideen und aus diesen Ideen abgeleiteten Wandlungsdirektiven beschreibt. Bei näherer Analyse des Begriffs "Weltanschaung" können wir feststellen, dass man darunter entweder alle Überzeugungen des einzelnen Menschen verstehen kann, oder diesen ihren Teil, der seine grundsätzliche Lebens- und Geistesorientierungen bestimmt. Zu diesem wichtigsten Teil der Überzeugungen eines Menschen können wir, scheint es, folgendes zählen: 1) die Ideen, die eine Antwort auf seine wichtigsten Fragen im Erkenntnisbereich bilden, 2) die Wertschätzungsideen, die seine Werthierarchie bestimmen, 3) die massgebenden Wirkungsdirektiven in den für ihn wichtigsten Lebensbereichen.

A retired rector. Chosen psychosocial aspects in the light of theories and interviews
The article enlightens the psycho-social problems of the adaptation of catholic priests to their retirement according to gerontological theories and indepth interviews conducted among some of them in the area of the Katowice and Częstochowa Archdiocese. In the theoretical part of the text sociological concepts of isolation of retirees and its prevention have been presented. These theoretical perspectives are the background for the illustration of adaptive strategies applied by researched priests. The strategies have been shown on the example of those who live in the parishes, private houses mostly inherited after parents likewise The Home for Retired Priests in Katowice and in Częstochowa. The research has been conducted within the project, financed by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (2009–2011).

INTERPERSONELLE KONTAKTEN ANGESICHTS EXISTIERENDEN STEREOTYPEN (BASIEREND AUF POLEN UND DEUTSCHLAND)
Die Bemerkung der Umgebung hängt hauptsächlich von der Haltung der Menschen ab, also die relativ stetige Neigungen zur positiven oder negativen Einstellung zu anderen Leuten, Sachen oder Vorfällen. Bestimmte Haltungen formen sich auf die persönliche Erfahrung, oder werden von anderen übernommen. In diesem Fall erscheint die Gefährlichkeit sich von den Stereotypen überwältigen zu lassen, also die Gefahr der Durchführung einer sehr einfachen Charakteristik von bestimmten.
Die deutsch-polnische Beziehungen stützen sich auf die existierende seit Generationen Stereotypen, die in dem Leben in der Gestalt der fertigen Meinungen, Beurteilungen, sogar in den Scherzen und Anekdoten anwesend sind. Der Zutritt Polens zur Europäischen Union hat einen Einfluß auf die Beziehung der Polen zu ihrem westlichen Nachbar. Angesichts des vereinigten Europas formt sich eine neue Haltung, die offen auf die anderen und die Welt ist. Die direkten Kontakte mit Deutschlandsstaatsbürgern und breitere politische und wirtschaftliche Kenntnisse brechen die Stereotypen und reduzieren Voreingenommenheiten. Das alles spielt eine große Rolle in der Gestaltung der Haltung den Deutschen gegenüber, die Stereotypen dagegen spielen eine kleinere Rolle.

The New Aspect of the Unemployment. Summary
The article undertakes the critical topic, namely the problem of unemployment, that is still a great sociological and psychological problem in Poland. The analysis of the changes, that has occurred since 1990 depicts the unemployment as the dynamic process rather than static issue. Accordingly, described problems influenced by personal as well as environmental factors. This report consider also the culture that has a significant impact on the perception and behaviours undertaken by the unemployed.t

Religious reference and interpersonal relations of catechized gymnasial youth. Summary
The young people attacked by confusing informations coming usually from mass media, are exposed for harmful influence of present moral crisis. Often being manipulated, the youth isolate catholic moral values from “things of this world”. Moral values are closed in private life sphere. That is why, according to the catholic preceptors, it’s important to form religious attitudes as constant and solid reference to the God and to the Church. The Church in care for youth interest has consiousness that crisis of identity experienced by the young people during gymnasial school period could negative effect for their religious atmosphere. This situation can have influence for interpersonal relations.
It is confirmed by researches that young people have leak references to the God and to the Church. Immature reference to the God has often connection with immature personality, orientated for support in the same age group. Moreover it may be assumed that recede influence of rustic traditional background for forming religious attitudes among the young. References to the God and the Church, being observed among catechized young people, become their personal choice matter.

Axiological basis of intergenerational relations in the family. Sociological studies in Slovakia
When changes affecting contemporary culture are taken into consideration, one may observe that the family undergoes significant transformations and is staring to lose its privileged place within the structures of the social world. The contemporary culture is willing to place its bets on an individual, rather than on the family.
One of the most basic values of the family life is trust, which constructs normative standards of social relations. Our research shows that Slovakian families are emotionally integrated by mothers.
When social relations in the generations of parents and children are considered, mothers are the most essential when it comes to forming trust-based relationships. Since mothers are granted the biggest capital of trust, the Slovak family is centered upon the figure of mother. Trust has woman’s face.